Publications and Conference Proceedings

• Adams, J. and B. Freedman. 1999. Comparative catch efficiency of amphibian sampling methods in terrestrial habitats in southern New Brunswick. Canadian Field Naturalist 113(3): 493-496.

  Amphibians were sampled during two growing seasons in a variety of terrestrial habitats in the vicinity of Fundy National Park. Four sampling methods were used: pitfall transects, pitfall arrays, quadrat searches, and time-constrained searches. Pitfall arrays sampled the greatest relative abundance and species richness of amphibians. However, quadrat searches were better at sampling Plethodon cinereus (Red-backed Salamander), a wholly terrestrial species.

• Adams, J., B. Freedman, and D. Clay. 1998. Amphibian abundance within various terrestrial habitats in the vicinity of Fundy NP, Pp.138-139 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Adams, J.D., D. Clay, and B. Freedman. 1996. Comparative catch efficiency of sampling techniques used in natural and modified terrestrial habitats in Atlantic Canada. In Third Annual Meeting of the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program.
  
  
• Bourgeois, M. 1998. American marten response to forest characteristics, Pp.132-134 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Chaisson, A. 1998. Hayward brook watershed study: fish populations, Pp.104-106 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Chiasson, A. 1997. Aquatic Habitat and Fish Distribution in Small Primary Order Streams: A Case For Protection and Restoration, p. 331-349 In Proceedings of the 48th CWRA Annual Conference. Managing the Water Environment. Fredericton, N.B. June 20-23.
  
  
• Christie, D. 1998. Forest bird monitoring in Fundy NP, Pp.126-127 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Coles, C., D. Clay, and D. Hansen. 1998. Hydrology and sediment movement of the Point Wolfe river, Pp. 155-156 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Cooper, L. and D. Clay. 1998. An historical review of logging and river driving in Fundy NP, Pp. 153-154 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Clay, D. 1998. Use of permanent sample plots in Fundy NP to monitor forest conditions, Pp.140-141, In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Clay, D. 1998. The state of aquatic ecosystems, Pp.143-152 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Clay, D. and S. Butland. 1998. Population and movement of brook trout lake populations in a small forest stream, Pp. 160-162 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Clay, H. and D. Clay. 1998. Common Loon on Wolfe Lake, Pp. 168-169 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Clay, H. and D. Clay. 1998. Winter distribution of Common Loon and the Red-throated Loon in the Bay of Fundy, 170-171 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Fife, C. 1995. Biodiversity: as affected by different harvesting methods. UNB Forestry Focus 20(1). Rep-EAP 08028.
  
  
• Forbes, G. and C. Drysdale. 1994. Atlantic maritime centre takes shape. Ecological Science Centres News State of the Environment Reporting 1(2), February.
  
  
• Forbes, G., S. Woodley, and H. Beach. 1994. Proceedings from the workshop on landscape health in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of New Brunswick.
  
  
• Forbes, G., D. Johnson, E. Daigle and P. Chamberland. 1998. Ecological magnets and black bears in the GFE, Pp.135-137, In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Forbes, G., H.Veen, V. Zelazny and S. Woodley. 1998. Ecological change in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem.Pp.55-74, In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.

  This paper describes the natural disturbance regimes that characterize the GFE. Information on these disturbance regimes, along with climate, topography, bedrock and soils data, were used to describe ‘potential/ historical’ forests of the region. Changes in animal and plant species frequencies and richness are also documented and discussed.

• Forbes, G. and S. Woodley. 1997. Coarse and fine-filter strategies for biodiversity maintenance in the Fundy Model Forest. Pp.29-33, In Proceedings Ecological Landscape Management - Canadian Woodlands Forum, Fredericton, N.B. 95p.
  
  
• Forbes, G., S. Woodley, and H. Beach (eds.). 1995. Proceedings from the Workshop on Landscape Health in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. New Brunswick Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Fredericton, N.B. 76 pp.
  
  
• Fleming, L. and B. Freedman. 1998. Conversion of natural, mixed-species forests to conifer plantations: Implications for dead organic matter and carbon storage. Ecoscience 5(2): 213-221.

  The authors compare aboveground carbon storage of natural forest stands to that of conifer plantations of various ages. The study suggests that a landscape managed as a shifting mosaic of plantations on a 60-year rotation would store only about 22% as much aboveground carbon as a landscape covered in older-growth natural forests in which gap-phase disturbance dynamics were the primary mechanism of disturbance.

• Fleming, L. and B. Freedman. 1998. Changes in the quantities of woody biomass associated with the conversion of natural, mixed-species forests to conifer plantations in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Pp.86-88 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Flemming, S., G. Holloway, E.J. Watts, and P. Lawrance. 1999. Characteristics of foraging trees selected by pileated woodpeckers in New Brunswick. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(2): 462-468.

  Researchers examined the excavation foraging habitat of the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) in Fundy National Park (contiguous forest) and the surrounding fragmented forest landscape of southern New Brunswick (1993-1995). Pileated woodpeckers usually used red spruce (Picea rubens) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) but also used deciduous species as foraging substrate. Pileated woodpeckers used larger, more decayed trees than were randomly available. Pileated woopeckers also preferentially foraged at lower heights on coniferous trees, but foraging at the base of the three was not influenced by cover. Few differences were found in stand characteristics between the park and the surrounding fragmented forest. Still, comparison of the number of foraging signs per tree indicated balsam fir was used more intensively in the fragmented forest than in contiguous forest, which suggested limited availability. In the New Brunswick study area, pileated woodpeckers were associated with, and possibly depended on, older forests for foraging habitat. Current wildlife habitat objectives for Crown Lands in the province may be inadequate for providing sufficient habitat over the long term.

• Flemming, S., G. Holloway, E. Watts, and P. Lawrence. 1998. Selection of trees for excavation foraging by Pileated Woodpecker in Fundy NP and the GFE Pp.124-125 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Flemming, S. 1995. Using metapopulation viability analysis as a tool for assessing and maintaining the ecological integrity of protected areas, Pp.59-67 In Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas, Science and Management of Protected Areas Association., Wolfeville, N.S.

  Many protected areas possess remnants of rare habitat in a fragmented landscape, and as a consequence tend to have important populations of rare species. Metapopulation viability analysis (MPVA) is a new tool used to make predictions about the extinction risk posed to small interconnected populations: populations that are often only partially encompassed within the boundaries of a protected area. MPVA addresses two fundamental questions. Is a protected area likely to be effective in maintaining its species composition and hence its ecological integrity in the long term? If a protected area will not be effective in isolation, what can be done in terms of cooperative landscape management to further this goal? This paper develops the concept of measuring and maintaining ecological integrity using MPVA as a tool.

• Freedman, B. and G. Johnson. 1999. Selected studies of forestry & bird communities in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Proceedings: Biology and Conservation of Forest Birds, Fredericton, New Brunswick. (in press).
  
  
• Freedman, B. 1998. Forestry and its impacts on biodiversity in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. Pp.75-80, In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.

  This paper provides a summary of the impacts of forestry on vegetation, birds, mammals, amphibians, freshwater, and forest communities in general. Criteria for ecologically sustainable forestry are proposed.

• Freedman, B., S. Woodley, and G. Forbes. 1997. The Greater Fundy Ecosystem: Planning for an ecologically sustainable landscape, In: Protected Areas in Our Modern World, Munro, N. (ed.) Proceedings of a Workshop Held as Part of the IUCN World Conservation Congress, Montreal, Que., Oct., 1996, pp. 114-118.
  
  
• Freedman, B., V. Zelazny, D. Beaudette, T. Fleming, S. Flemming, G. Forbes, S. Gerrow, G. Johnson, and S. Woodley. 1996. Biodiversity implications of changes in the quantity of dead organic matter in Forests. Environmental Reviews 4: 238-265.

  The authors review the ecological roles of dead organic matter in forests. They suggest that resolution of conflict between forestry and biodiversity will require the design and implementation of management systems that accommodate the critical habitat qualities associated with dead organic matter, particularly large-dimension deadwood and cavities. This goal may be most effectively achieved by an integrated strategy that involves (i) basing forest management planning on shifting-mosiac habitat models of stand harvesting and replacement, (ii) the provision of protected areas of mature and older growth forest, associated with riparian buffers, deer yards, non-harvested ecological reserves and other kinds of protected areas.

• Freedman, B., Staicer, C. and Woodley, S. 1994. Ecological monitoring and research in greater ecological reserves: a conceptual framework, Pp. 68-80 In Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas. T. Herman, S. Bondrup-Neilsen, J. Willison, N. Munro (eds.). Science and Management of Protected Areas Assoc., Nova Scotia., 591 p.

  The authors emphasize the need to consider protected areas within the context of their surrounding landscape because of important physical-chemical, biological, and socio-economic linkages. The concept of Greater ecological reserves and the importance of this approach for natural areas management is discussed. Ecologically sustainable landscapes must contain working lands that are managed to yield a sustainable flow of natural resources, and ecological reserves which sustain native species, their natural communities, and other non-valuated ecological goods and services. A conceptual framework for ecological monitoring and research is provided with the Greater Fundy Ecosystem as a case study.

• Freedman, B., S. Woodley, and J. Loo. 1994. Forestry practices and biodiversity with particular reference to the Maritime provinces. Environmental Reviews, 2: 33-77.

  This report discusses interactions of forestry and biodiversity at three levels of organization: (i) genetic variation within populations and species; (ii) the richness of species within communities; and (iii) the richness of community types on the landscape. If forestry systems of harvesting and management are to be practised in an ecologically sustainable fashion, then all elements of biodiversity must be accommodated within a landscape comprised of an integration of working lands and ecological reserves.

• Frego, K. 1998. Effects of forestry practices on bryophyte community structure and diversity, p.100 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Fundy Model Forest Management Planning Committee. 1998. Forest management planning and scenario modeling in the Fundy Model Forest, Pp.178-182 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Gerrow, S., S. Flemming, T. Herman. 1998. Habitat characteristics and home ranges of northern flying squirrel in Fundy NP and the GFE, Pp.130-131 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Gerrow, S. 1994. Flying squirrels - Elusive forest friends. NS Conservation 17(4): 1-2, Winter.
  
  
• Harmon, D. 1994. Towards ecosystem management: the Greater Fundy Ecosystem project. Pp.93-97 In Coordinating Research and Management to Enhance Protected Areas. Appendix I. IUCN, The World Conservation Union, Cambridge, UK.
  
  
• Johnson, G. and B. Freedman. 1998. Effects of forestry on breeding bird communities in the vicinity of Fundy N.P. Pp.92-94 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Jones, M., T. McParland, J. Hutchings, R. Danzmann, and D. Clay. 1998. Low levels of genetic variations in brook trout lake populations in Fundy NP: preliminary results, Pp.163-165 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Kennedy, J. and J. Pelham. 1998. Ruffed Grouse habitat analysis for the Fundy Model Forest, Pp.128-129 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Loo, J. and H. Hirvonen. 1999. Reporting and indicators: mechanisms in ecologically sustaining the forested sector. The George Wright Forum, 16(2): 64-74.

  This paper provides an overview of nine of Canada’s ecozones. Reporting and indicator initiatives such as the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM) process, and the Model Forest Program are described with particular reference to biodiversity conservation. Several of the forested ecozones have forests that are under continuing threat from land-use activities. The paper concludes with a discussion of existing intiatives to respond to such threats.

• Loo, J. 1998. Fundy Model Forest case study, Pp.53-59 In Onysko, D. and R. Usher (eds.) Protected Areas in Resource-Based Economies. Conference Proceedings, 14th Annual General Meeting of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas. Calgary, AB. Nov. 1995. Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Ottawa, Ontario.
  
  
• Loo, J. and A. MacDougall. 1994. The Fundy Model Forest Gap Analysis project. In Proceedings from the workshop on landscape health in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. G.J. Forbes, S.J. Woodley and H. Beach (eds.). Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, UNB and Parks Canada, pp. 26-29.
  
  
• MacLean, D.A. 1996. Forest management strategies to reduce spruce budworm damage in the Fundy Model Forest. Forestry Chronicle 72: 399-405.

  Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferama) outbreaks cannot be prevented, but the amount of damage that occurs can be managed. Tree species, stand age, hardwood content, and drainage class, as well as the outbreak severity and length, determine the amount of tree morality during budworm outbreaks. Silviculture and forest management can be used to reduce the incidence of the most damaged stand types across the landscape. The amount of defoliations in mixed balsam fir-hardwood stands is strongly negatively related to hardwood content, especially with hardwoods >40%. The Spruce Budworm Decision Support System (DSS) links models of stand and forest response to budworm outbreaks and inventory interpretation to a GIS, and can be used to evaluate effects of outbreaks and management on forest structure and timber supply. An example using the Spruce Budworm DSS for a portion of the Fundy Model Forest indicated that losses from a future budworm outbreak could be reduced 34% by directing harvesting and silviculture towards conversion of one-half of the most vulnerable stand types into low susceptibility or non-susceptible species.

• MacLean, D.A. 1998. Landscape management for restructuring forest areas, Pp. 25-45 In Forest Scenario Modelling for Ecosystem Management at Landscape Level, June 24 -July 4, 1997, Wageningen, The Netherlands. G.J. Nabuurs, T. Nuutinen, H. Bartelink, and M. Korhonen (eds.). European Forest Inst., Joensuu, Finland. Proc. No. 19,.
  
  
• MacLean, D.A., P. Etheridge, J. Pelham, and W. Emrich. 1999. Fundy Model Forest: Partners in sustainable forest management. Forestry Chronicle 75: 219-227.

  Scenario planning was used to develop a consensus-based, multi-stakeholder management planning process for a 114,000 ha land base in New Brunswick, Canada. This is part of the Fundy Model Forest, which involves four major landowner groups, along with 26 other Partnership organizations. Public consultation and Partnership input were used to define 25 scenarios, determining effects of alternative means of riparian strip management, road construction, vegetation and insect control, harvesting, maintenance of biodiversity, and plantation establishment. The Woodstock forest modeling software was used to determine effects of each scenario on timber supply, forest structure, measures of biodiversity and ecological integrity, areas of mature forest, and wildlife habitat. In a series of workshops, the Partners were successful in reaching consensus on a Fundy Model Forest “preferred” management scenario, which was conveyed to the land managers for implementation. Development of the management planning process and the use of scenarios planning procedures in the Fundy Model Forest are described.

• MacDougall, A., J. Loo, S. Clayden, J. Goltz, and H. Hinds. 1998. Defining conservation priorities for plant taxa in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada using herbarium records. Biol. Cons. 86: 325-338.

  Biological databases are needed for the development of ecologically sensitive land management strategies. Quantitative information that would serve this purpose is typically unavailable or limited to a few species. An alternative is qualitative herbarium data. We explored the use of herbarium records for defining conservation priorities for plant taxa found in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. Our objectives were: (1) to identify rare plant taxa collected in the study area; and (2) to group these taxa by habitat affinity, and refine their conservation status based on the vulnerability of the habitats to current and anticipated land use. The temporal and geographical variations in the collection of the herbarium records are described. A total of 351 herbarium records were found, representing 161 different taxa from 46 families. Nine habitat types were identified. Two of these habitats, rich tolerant hardwood forest and wet Thuja occidentalis forest were classified as endangered. Collections were concentrated near settlements, in areas with road access, or in known species-rich hotspots that were repeatedly revisited. The number of collections varied through time, depending on the presence of botanists working within the study area. Despite limitations, herbarium data served as a valuable first step in identifying species of conservation concern and highlighting information gaps requiring further investigation.

• MacDougall, A. and J. Loo. 1996. Fine-Scale Community Types of the Fundy Model Forest in Southeastern New Brunswick. Canadian Forest Service Information Report M-X-198E 54 p.

  This report identifies and describes spatially restricted and ecologically significant community types that occur within the 420 000 ha Fundy Model Forest. The purpose of the report is to draw attention to the presence of these biotic features within the Fundy Model Forest, and highlight their contributions to the biological diversity of the area. These small features are often overlooked when designing landscape-level forest management strategies and, without special management they are vulnerable to species loss. Twenty-four fine scale community types were identified.

• MacDougall, A. 1995. Gap analysis project in the Fundy Model Forest. Atlantic Region Protected Areas Working Group Bulletin 3.
  
  
• MacFarlane, D. 1998. Community participation in forest management decision making in New Brunswick, p.177 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• O’Brien, M. and B. Freedman. 1998. Effects of clearcutting and road-building on stream ecology in the vicinity of Fundy N.P., Pp.89-91 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Oseen, K. and R. Wassersug. 1998. Assessing acoustical monitoring of frogs and toads in Atlantic Canada, Pp.166-167 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Parker, G. 1998. Hayward Brook watershed study: small mammals, Pp. 111-112 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Parker, G. and Hache, D. 1998. Hayward Brook watershed study: breeding birds, Pp.107-108 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Parker, G. and D. Doucette. 1998. Hayward Brook watershed study: cavity nesting birds, Pp.109-110 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Parker, G., J. Pomeroy, and A. Chaisson. 1998. Hayward brook watershed study: Introduction, p.99 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Pomeroy, J. 1998. Hayward Brook watershed study: stream hydrochemistry, Pp.101-103 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Pomeroy, J., T. Pollock, and D. Lockerbie. 1998. The impact of forest practices on chemical mass exports in the Point Wolfe River 1972-1994, Pp. 157-159 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Pomeroy, J., J. Kerekes, and T. Pollock. 1998. Pre-harvest characterizations of water chemistry and discharge for the Hayward - Holmes watershed study in New Brunswick’s Fundy Model Forest. FMF Technical Notes 1(2) 20 p.

  The Hayward Brook Watershed Study (HBWS) is an ecosystem-based research project investigating the impacts from forest management practices on terrestrial and aquatic systems. Seven stations on six streams in the HBWS were monitored from July 1993 - June 1995. This pre-harvest data indicates that the base flow discharge is similar in all streams but the lag time during storms differs as a result of the landscape. The chemistry of water varies between sites because of three different forest soil units. The concentrations of extractable zinc in one stream did increase four times the analytical detection limit as a result of the placement of a galvanized steel culvert. Concentrations dropped to less than detection limit five months later. Nitrate concentrations are low and the streams can be classified as oligotrophic based on the total phosphorus concentrations. Turbidity increases during major storms as a result of run off from new and old roads.

• Roberts, M. and L. Zhu. 1998. Response of the herbaceaous layer to forest harvesting in the Hayward Brook Watershed. FMF Technical Notes 1(4), 16 p.

  The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the herbaceous layer as an indicator of sustainable forest management. A study area of approximately 56 ha was established in 1995 within the Hayward Brook Watershed. Two types of harvesting treatments were carried out including clearcutting with mechanical site preparation and planting (CS) and clearcutting with no additional treatments (C). An uncut control (UC) was also examined. Changes in vegetation after harvesting were determined by treatment in terms of species composition, cover of each species, diversity indices and similarity indices. Most pre-harvest species (>50%) decreased in all treatments but were still present in 1997. Depending on the treatment, 10-24% of pre-harvest species were lost, consisting mostly of uncommon species. Increasing species consisted mostly of species which expand aggressively by vegetative means. In the UC area, richness decreased over the two years after harvesting for all species and for forest species, indicating that harvesting in adjacent areas affected the uncut area. In the C and CS treatments, richness for all species increased due to weedy invaders. Clearcutting with site preparation treatment, because of greater forest floor disturbance and less canopy cover, resulted in a greater change in vegetation composition. Twenty herbaceous species are put forward as indicators. Management recommendations are suggested to prevent species loss.

• Roberts, M. and I. Methven. 1998. Effects of forestry practices on species composition and taxonomic and structural diversity, p.83-85 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Roberts, M. 1994. Models and patterns of diversity in forested ecosystems: lessons for monitoring, Pp. 81-99 In Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas. T. Herman, S. Bondrup-Neilsen, J. Willison, N. Munro (eds.). Science and Management of Protected Areas Assoc., Nova Scotia., 591 p.

  This paper provides a review of existing models of diversity. Six key factors which reflect the link between biodiversity and ecosystem function are identified. These factors should be considered in designing biodiversity monitoring strategies.

• Sabine, D., A. Boer and W. Ballard. 1996. Impacts of habitat fragmentation on pairing success of male Ovenbirds, Seiurus aurocapillus, in southern New Brunswick. Canadian Field-Naturalist 110: 688-693.

  This study evaluated the hypothesis that fragments of mature forest in a managed-forest landscape in southern New Brunswick are sub-optimal habitat for Ovenbirds compared to large tracts of similar forest. There were no significant differences in pairing success or territorial density of male Ovenbirds between fragments and contiguous forest sites in 1992 and 1993.

• Sabine, D. 1998. Effects of habitat fragmentation on the pairing success of a forest interior bird, p.95 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Skibicki, A. 1999. Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.)) and Eastern White-Cedar (Thuja occidentalis (L.)): A Literature Review. University of New Brunswick Ecology Publication Series #3, 76 p.
  
  
• Skibicki, A., S. Woodley, and J. Loo. 1998. Human use of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Pp. 19-53 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Skibicki, A. 1998. Cavity-nesting bird research: 1992-1997, Annotated bibliography, University of New Brunswick Ecology Publication Series #1, 40 p.
  
  
• Skibicki, A. 1998. Snag and coarse woody debris characteristics by stand type in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem: Summary of results from existing research. University of New Brunswick Ecology Publication Series #2, 16 p.

  This report summarizes the results of research conducted in the GFE from 1993 To 1997. Three studies (Dijkstra 1995, Fleming 1996, Johnson 1997) are described in detail.

• Sparks, D. and R.A. Curry. Movements of brook trout in the Kennebecasis River, New Brunswick. Paper - Canadian Conference for Fisheries Research, Kingston, ON. January 1998.
  
  
• Veinotte, A., B. Freedman and W. Maass. 1998. Plant biodiversity in natural, mixed-species forests and plantations, Pp.81-82 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Waldick, R., B. Freedman and R. Wassersug. 1999. The consequences for amphibians of the conversion of natural mixed-species forests to conifer plantations in southern New Brunswick. Canadian Field Naturalist 113(3): 408-418.

  The authors examined amphibian abundance and species richness in stands of natural, mixed-species forest and in a chronosequence of Black Spruce (Picea mariana) plantations up to 16-years in southern New Brunswick. Amphibians were more abundant in natural forest than in plantations of any age. The most common terrestrial amphibian in the natural forest was the Redback Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), but it occurred in only on of 33 plantations examined. The study suggests that the conversion of natural, mixed-species forest into conifer plantations is most detrimental to Yellow-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), Redback Salamander, Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer), and Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica), and less-so for American Toad (Bufo americanus).

• Waldick, R., B. Freedman, and R. Wassersug. 1998. Effects of forest conversion on amphibians near Fundy N.P., Pp.96-98 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Watts, E. J., S. Flemming, and G. Holloway. 1998. Shelter tree use by Pileated Woodpecker in Fundy NP and the GFE Pp.122-123 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Whitlaw, H., W. Ballard, D. Sabine, S. Young, R. Jenkins, and G. Forbes. 1998. Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of adult white-tailed deer in New Brunswick. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 1335-1341.
  
  
• Woodley, S., K. Meyer, D. Kirk, and P. Pearce. 1999. Productivity, egg-shell thinning and contaminant levels in sharp-shinned hawks in Fundy National Park, New Brunswick. Wilson Bulletin (submitted).
  
  
• Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.). 1998. State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. Greater Fundy Ecosystem Research Group, University of New Brunswick 215 p.

  This report describes the social and natural history of the area in and around Fundy National Park, New Brunswick. A survey of ecological stresses is also provided. The majority of the publication provides synopses of recent research on the impacts of forestry practices on biodiversity in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem. Forest management guidelines to protect native biodiversity in the Fundy Model Forest are presented.

• Woodley, S. and Flemming, S. 1998. The state of terrestrial ecosystems, Pp. 113-121 In State of the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, Woodley, S., G. Forbes, and A. Skibicki (eds.) GFERG, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. 215 p.
  
  
• Woodley, S. and Forbes, G. (eds.). 1997. Forest Management Guidelines to Protect Native Biodiversity in the Fundy Model Forest. New Brunswick Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of New Brunswick, 32 p.

  This report provides a wide range of recommendations for forest management for biodiversity. ‘Coarse-filter’ guidelines include recommendations relating to patch size, connectivity, stream side buffers, mature-overmature forest classes, and protected areas. ‘Fine-filter’ guidelines include recommendations on coarse woody debris, special tree status, and road density.

• Woodley, S. 1997. Science and Protected Areas Management: An ecosystem-based perspective, In: J. G. Nelson and R. Serafin (eds.) National Parks and Protected Areas: Keystones to Conservation and Sustainable Development. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop on Contributions of National Parks and Protected Areas to Heritage Conservation, Tourism and Sustainable Development. Krakow, Poland. Srpinger. NATO ASI Ser. G, Ecological Sciences; Vol. 40: 11-21.
  
  
• Woodley, Stephen. 1996. A Scheme for Ecological Monitoring in Parks and Protected Areas. Environments 23(3): 50-74.
  
  
• Woodley, S. and G. Forbes. 1995. Ecosystem management and protected areas: principles, problems, and practicalities. Pp. 50-58, In Ecosystem Monitoring and Protected Areas. T. Herman, S. Bondrup-Neilsen, J. Willison, N. Munro (eds.). Science and Management of Protected Areas Assoc., Nova Scotia., 591 p.

  Protected areas managers are increasingly turning to the idea of ecosystem management to solve an array of management problems. Parks and protected areas can no longer be thought of as pristine natural areas. Like their surrounding regions, they are subject to losses of biodiversity and disruption of ecological processes. Most protected areas are simply too small to be managed as self regulating ecosystems and new approaches are required. Ecosystem management is not well defined scientifically or in practice, yet it is touted as a major solution to problems faced by protected areas. This paper examines ecosystem management, its history, its usage in protected areas and some of its potential limitations. A set of principles to apply to protected areas when considering ecosystem management is proposed.

• Woodley, S. and B. Freedman. 1995. Towards ecosystem management: The Greater Fundy Ecosystem Project. pp. 93-97 in: Coordinating Research and Management to Enhance Protected Areas. IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
  
  
• Woodley, S. and B. Freedman. 1995. The Greater Fundy Ecosystem Project: toward ecosystem management. The George Wright Forum. 12(1): 7-14.
  
  
• Zelazny, V. and H. Veen. 1997. Acadian forest past and present, In Proceedings of an Ecological Landscape Management Workshop, Fredericton, NB, October 1997. Canadian Woodlands Forum, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Pp. 9-13.

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